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Background
information on common endocrine-disrupting compounds
Amitrol |
This
compound is used as a defoliant, a herbicide, a reagent in photography
and a plant growth regulator. It is used in non-selective weed control.
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Atrazine |
Atrazine
is used as a selective herbicide for weed control in agriculture...
one of the most abundantly used herbicides in the world.
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Arsenite |
Sodium
arsenite is used in the manufacture of dyes and soap for use on
skins; for treating vines against certain scale diseases; as an
insecticide, especially against termites; as an antiseptic, topical
acaricide, hide preservative and herbicide.Copper Acetoarsenite:This
compound is used as an insecticide, wood preservative, larvicide,
pigment (particularly for ships and submarines), fungicide, bactericide
and molluscicide. It is used in the control of the Colorado beetle,
as a poison bait for caterpillars and grasshoppers, in the control
of mosquitoes and was formerly used medically for certain skin diseases.
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Benzophenone |
Fixative
for heavy perfumes, especially in soaps. Also used in the manufactur
of antihistamines, hypnotics; insecticides.
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Benzo(a)pyrene |
A
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed as a combustion byproduct
in the use of petrochemicals.
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Bisphenol
A |
The
basic building block of polycarbonate plastic, bisphenol A is also
an intermediate in the manufacture of polymers, epoxy resins, ,
fungicides, antioxidants, dyes, phenoxy, polysulfone and certain
polyester resins, flame retardents and rubber chemicals.
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Butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA) |
Antioxidant
in fat-containing foods and in edible fats and oils; prevents food
from becoming rancid and developing objectionable odors; preservative
and antioxidant in cosmetic formulations.
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Cadmium |
- Cadmium
itself is a heavy metal with widespread use, including in electroplating,
photoelectric
cells, soft solder
and solder tor aluminum; deoxidizer in Ni plating,Ni-Cd
storage batteries;
process engraving, electrodes for cadmium vapor lamps, photometry
of ultraviolet sun-rays. The powder is also used as an amalgam
(1 Cd: 4 Hg) in dentistry.
- Cadmium
chloride is used in photography, in paints, pigments, glass and
glazes, in electronic components, as a nemoticide, pesticide and
a fungicide, in dyeing and calico printing, in the manufacture
of cadmium yellow, in galvanoplasty, in the manufacture of special
mirrors, as an ice-nucleating agent, as a lubricant, in analysis
of sulfides to absorb hydrogen sulfide,as a polymerization catalyst.
- Cadmium
oxide is used in electroplating, storage battery electrodes, catalyst,
semiconductors, manufacture of silver alloys, ceramic glazes,
nematocide, anthelminic, phosphors, glass, cadmium electroplating,
and an ascaricide in pigs (i.e., it kills ticks).
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Dithiocarbamate |
- SODIUM
DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE: This compound is used as a pesticide,
fungicide and chelating agent with strong affinity for mercury,
copper, nickel and zinc. It is used in the evaluation of T-cell
deficient diseases, in the inhibition of superoxide dismutase
in mice and of cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats, in AIDS-related
complex, in immunopharmacology and in cancer immunotherapy. It
has clinical use in acute nickel carbonyl, cadmium and thallium
poisoning. It is used in colorimetric determination of small quantities
of copper and for its separation from other metals. It is also
used as a latex accelerator in rubber processing and as a chemical
intermediate in the production of other diethyldithiocarbamate
metal salts, such as zince selenium and tellurium salts.
- SODIUM
DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE: Fungicide; corrosion inhibitor; rubber
accelerator; intermediate; polymerization shortstop; nematocide
and herbicide with a fumigant action.
- LEAD
DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE: a vulcanization accelerator.
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DDT |
One
of the 12 POPS listed by the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, DDT's allowed use
is now restricted to disease vector control, specifically to kill
mosquitos spreading malaria in the developing world. The POPs treaty
calls for an eventually phase-out of use as cost-effective alternatives
are developed. Some agricultural use continues in Asia and also,
as indicated by continuing wildlife contamination, in the Americas.
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p,
p'-DDE |
One
of the principal metabolites (breakdown products) of DDT
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Dieldrin |
Usage
banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
A non-systemic, persistent organic insecticide
with contact and stomach action.
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Endosulfan |
Insecticide;
pesticide. Very widespread modern use.
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Ethylene
thiourea |
This
compound is used as a polymer vulcanizing and curing agent. It is
extensively used as an accelerator in the curing of polychloroprene
(neoprene) and other elastomers. It is also used in electroplating
baths, as an intermediate for anti-oxidants, in insecticides, dyes,
pharmaceuticals and synthetic resins.
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Furans |
Usage
banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Combustion byproducts of combustion of organochlorine chemicals,
furans have also been used as
intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, insecticides
and other chemicals and
as solvents for resins and in the formation of lacquers.
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Heptachlor |
Usage
banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
As an insecticide heptachlor was used for
control of the cotton boll weevil, termites, ants, grasshoppers,
cutworms, maggots, thrips, wireworms, flies, mosquitoes, soil insects,
household insects and field insects. It has some fumigant action,
and was applied as a soil treatment, a seed treatment or directly
to foliage.
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Kepone |
Used
as an insecticide, fungicide, pesticide for control of the banana
root borer and tobacco wireworm and bait for control of ants and
cockroaches.
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Lindane |
Banned
in many (but not all) countries, lindane is used as a pesticide
to control lice and other ectoparasites. It is also used as a foliar
spray and soil application for insecticidal control of a broad spectrum
of phytophagous and soil dwelling insects, animal ectoparasites
and public health pests. It is used on ornamentals, fruit trees,
nut trees, vegetables, tobacco and timber. This chemical is found
in baits and seed treatments for rodent control. In pet shampoo
it is "to maintain the natural luster of the coat" and
kill ticks, lice and sarcoptic mange mites.
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Malathion |
Used
as an insecticide on fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, household
and livestock use. It is also used as an acaracide, in the control
of flies and other insect pests in animal and poultry houses, in
the control of adult mosquitoes in public health programs, in the
control of human body and head lice and in flea and tick dips. It
is used in veterinary medicine as an ectoparasiticide.
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Methoxychlor |
This
compound is an insecticide used to control a wide range of insect
pests (particularly chewing insects) in field crops, forage crops,
fruit, vines, flowers, vegetables, and in forestry. It is also used
for the control of insect pests in animal houses and dairies, and
in household and industrial premises. It is used in veterinary medicine
as an ectoparasiticide.
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Mirex |
Usage
banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
This compound was used as an insecticide,
a pesticide and a flame retardant for plastics, rubber, paint, paper
and electrical goods; in antifouling paints, rodenticides and additives
for antioxidant and flame retardant mixtures for stabilized polymer
compositions, ablative compositions, anthelmintic compositions and
lubricant compositions. Applied in paper, paint, rubber, electrical,
adhesive and textile applications; also used in thermoplastic, thermosetting
and elastomeric resin systems.
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Nitrofen |
This
compound is an herbicide used on many vegetables, a number of broad-leaved
and grass weeds, cereals, rice, sugar beet, some ornamentals, broccoli,
cauliflower, cabbage, brussel sprouts, onions, garlic and celery.
It is also used in nurseries for roses and chrysanthemums.
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Pentachlorophenol |
This
compound is used as an insecticide for termite control, pre-harvest
defoliant, general herbicide, wood preservative, synthesis of pentachlorophenyl
esters, molluscide, fungicide, bactericide, antimildew agent, slimicide
and algicide. The technical material finds extensive use in cooling
towers of electric plants, as additives to adhesives based on starch
and vegetable and animal protein, in shingles, roof tiles, brick
walls, concrete blocks, insulation, pipe sealant compounds, photographic
solutions, and textiles and indrilling mud in the petroleum industry.
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Pentachloronitrobenzene |
This
compound is used as a fungicide for seed and soil treatment. It
is also used as an herbicide, in slime prevention in industrial
waters and to control damping off and other fungal infections.
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Phenol,
4-tert-Butyl |
Intermediate
in the manufacture of varnish and lacquer resins; As a soap antioxidant;
Ingrediantin de-emulsifiers for oil field use; In motor oil additives.
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Phthalates: |
- Butyl
benzyl phthalate ( BBP): This compound is used as a plasticizer
for polyvinyl and cellulosic resins. It is used as an organic
intermediate, a solvent and a fixative in perfume.
- Di-n-butyl
phthalate (DBP): This
compound is used in plasticizers, cosmetics, safety glass, insecticides,
printing inks, paper coatings, adhesives, elastomers and explosives.
It is used as a solvent in polysulfide dental impression materials,
solvent for perfume oils, perfume fixative, textile lubricating
agent and solid rocket propellent.
- Di-ethylhexylphthalate
(DEHP): used in vacuum pumps.
It is also used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, especially
in the manufacture of medical devices, and as a plasticizer for
resins and elastomers. It is a solvent in erasable ink and dielectric
fluid. It is also used as an acaricide for use in orchards, an
inert ingredient in pesticides, a detector for leaks in respirators,
testing of air filtration systems and component in cosmetic products.
- Di-n-pentyl
phthalate (DPP): Plasticizer
for nitrocellulose and resin laquers; prevention of foam in manufacture
of glue; in rubber cements.
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Thiram |
This
compound is used as a fungicide, bacteriostat, pesticide, rubber
vulcanization accelerator, scabicide, seed disinfectant, animal
repellent, insecticide, lube oil additive, and wood preservative.
It is used in anti-septic sprays and in the blending of lubricant
oils. It is used against Botrytis, rusts and downy mildews and as
a seed dressing against "damping off" and verticillium
wilt. It is also used as an ethanol antagonist and deterrent in
mixtures of the methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl derivatives. Other
uses include an antioxidant in polyolefin plastics and a peptizing
agent in polysulphide elastomers. It is used in soaps and rodent
repellents and as a nut, fruit and mushroom disinfectant.
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Toxaphene |
Usage
banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
This compound is an insecticide and pesticide. It was used on cotton
crops, cattle, swine, soybeans, corn, wheat, peanuts, lettuce, tomatoes,
grains, vegetables, fruit and other food crops; for control of animal
ectoparasites, grasshoppers, army-worms, cutworms and all major
cotton pests. It controls livestock pests such as flies, lice, ticks,
scab mites and mange. It also controls mosquito larvae, leaf miners,
bagworms, church bugs, yellow jackets and caterpillars.
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Trifluralin |
This
compound is used as a pre-emergence herbicide, especially for cotton
plants.
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Zineb |
Agricultural
fungicide; insecticide.
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Ziram |
An
agricultural fungicide and as a repellant to birds and rodents.
It is also a rubber vulcanization accelerator. It is used in adhesives
including those used in food packaging, paper coats for non-food
contact, industrial cooling water, latex-coated articles, neoprene,
paper and paperboard, plastics (polyethylene and polystyrene) and
textiles.
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